Measures based calibration of 3D ray-tracing models in Andean outdoor environments

Abstract

Due to the complexity of a real situation, estimation of path loss using the ray-tracing method usually assumes one or three large classes of homogeneous materials to represent the building walls, building roofs and street floors in order to have a viable model of the 3D environment. However, in a real case, an outdoor environment consists of many buildings and streets made of heterogeneous materials. Additionally, the characterizations of these classes of materials are usually taken from research of other authors with specific materials on site and often not done for the frequency band of operation. We analyze the behavior of the statistical variation of standard deviation, correlation coefficient and the average error between the values of estimated and measured path loss data when considering various values of permittivity of these three classes. Finally, we adjust the values of permittivity, obtaining a reasonable improvement of ray tracing to estimate the path-loss.