Many people are interested in the underlying starter Mimosa hostilis root bark powder brought from northern Brazil. The harvesting of the underlying starter bark occurs 2 to 3 days prior to purchase with the objective of leaving it for the time necessary for the bark to take on the proper consistency and lose moisture, as it will help eliminate the moisture content within the final product. This is the only way to achieve the best result and provide the best service to those who consume Mimosa hostilis, as it results in the best powdering of the root starting bark.

Although the harvesting method is quite rigorous in terms of workmanship, you have to be extremely picky and just harvest the ideal root starter bark. The sale of Mimosa Hostilis root bark is increasingly in demand for its countless benefits, allowing it to be continually harvested at a higher potential; as a result, consumers can easily be offered better and better rates in the marketplace without sacrificing superior quality.

There are numerous stores where it is possible to buy mimosa hostilis bark online, and it can even be found on platforms of large, internationally recognized marketplaces such as for example Amazon, Etsy and Ebay and even Walmart. All this has led to an increase in consumer confidence in this product, despite the reluctance of some states around the world to legalize it, even knowing that its benefits far outweigh its possible harmful effects, which are, in any case, always derived from misuse and excessive consumption. 

Independent testimonials from many Internet sites are available to evidence these benefits. Buying mimosa hostilis root bark from a reputable supplier is important because you can place an order knowing that they have built a good reputation for service and quality, ensuring that you will not waste your money or your time.

You can find the basic starter Mimosa hostilis bark supply through many different routes; you can click on some Ebay profiles mentioned above to read reviews left by repeat buyers on their purchase. The large number of satisfied consumers can be seen in the huge number of people who repeat their purchase from one of the various suppliers of mimosa hostilis root bark powder, which is a great source of pride for those who are dedicated to its marketing, caring about its quality, while offering huge discounts. In addition, the privacy of customers is assured, as suppliers are aware of the delicate situation of buying this type of product in some countries. This further increases the confidence of buyers, who see that their identity is protected and that the packages arrive at their home with no external signs of what they are receiving. Discretion in this type of product is almost as important as quality, and that is why it is taken care of as much as the process of planting, harvesting and processing of the product. There is a really easy, safe and discreet purchasing process for your safety.

 

Determining which are the most spoken languages in the world is a more difficult task than you might imagine. We can say with some confidence that Mandarin, English, Spanish and Arabic will appear (and roughly in what order), but there are also some surprises! Would you have guessed that Bengali is among the top 10 most spoken languages?

 

A small caveat: assigning hard data, in the form of “X million native speakers,” to any of these languages is virtually impossible. What constitutes a language or a dialect is a highly controversial issue. More troubling is the fact that what we call simply “Chinese” is actually a whole family of languages conveniently lumped into a single category. “Hindi” is also used as an umbrella term to cover numerous dialects and subdialects. We have not even recognized yet the unreliability of the data sources, compiled at different times by different institutions.

 

When counted only according to the number of native speakers, these are the most spoken languages in the world.

 

1. Chinese: 1.3 billion native speakers

 

The numbers vary widely: Ethnologue puts the number of native speakers at 1.3 billion native speakers, approximately 917 million of whom speak Mandarin , but there is no doubt that it is the most spoken language in the world. If you want to learn a language that is spoken by one in six people in the world, this is the one for you. Since Chinese is a tonal language that uses thousands of logograms, it will certainly keep you busy.

 

2. Spanish: 460 million native speakers

 

If we were only to look at native speakers, Spanish has its nose in front of English with approximately 460 million speakers. If you want a language that will open up entire continents, Spanish is your best option and studying in Spanish lessons for adults online is the solution. As with all the languages on this list, the politics of the language and associated identity are highly controversial: ask speakers of Catalan or Quechua if Spanish is their local language and you’ll get a very different answer. 

 

But it is certainly the main language of most of South and Central America, Spain and, ahem, large swathes of the US, which is why taking online Spanish courses is so important these days.

 

3. English: 379 million native speakers

Although only 379 million native speakers speak English, more than 1 billion people have English as a second language. This indicates the remarkable success of English as the lingua franca of business, travel and international relations. The relative ease with which English can be learned (especially in comparison to Chinese) and the pervasive soft power of American culture means that English will continue to dominate the world stage for the foreseeable future. For some, English remains synonymous with opportunity and a better quality of life.

 

4. Hindi: 341 million native speakers

India has 23 official languages, including Hindi / Urdu. Whether it is one language, Hindustani, or two dialects, is still fiercely debated. Spoken mainly in northern India and parts of Pakistan, Hindi uses the Devnagri script, while Urdu uses the Persian notation. At the time of writing, the debate over its role in Indian education and society has flared up again: Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a Hindu nationalist, is seeking to have Hindi displace English in India’s southern states as the primary language of official communication. and education, a strategy that has met with resistance. If you ever travel to the Indian subcontinent, a little Hindi will take you a long way. Besides, this is the language that gave us shampoo, jungle, jodhpurs and bungalow – what’s not to love?

 

5. Arabic: 315 million native speakers

Recent figures put Arabic at around 315 million native speakers. But this is another example of numbers not telling the whole story: Arabic, like Chinese, is so vastly different in its respective dialects as to be effectively several languages, lumped together as one for convenience. Modern Standard Arabic is a primarily written form, closely related to the classical Arabic of the Qur’an. However, the spoken forms of Arabic in, say, Oman and Morocco are so different that a couple of philosophy professors from these countries could argue the finer points of the ancient texts while still struggling to order lunch.

 

6. Bengali: 228 million native speakers

Admit it: I didn’t expect Bengali to be on the list of the most spoken languages. The Partition of Bengal by the British in 1947 divided (mainly Hindu) West Bengal, now part of India, from its (mainly Muslim) counterpart of East Bengal, now Bangladesh. It is the language of Kolkata, the Andaman Islands, fabulous sweets and 130 million Bangladeshis, many of whom are extremely vulnerable to climate change. By the next century, the population is projected to double while 15 percent of the earth’s land surface will disappear below sea level.

 

7. Portuguese: 220 million native speakers

This is another language whose reach owes much to its colonial past. Beginning in the 15th century, avid Portuguese traders and conquerors took their language to Africa, Asia and the Americas. The expansion of Portuguese may have initially been linked to European colonization, but the colonized countries developed their own vibrant cultures that transformed the language forever. Today, 220 million native speakers speak Portuguese in countries such as Brazil, Goa, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe and Macau. It is also the language of Machado de Assis, Bossa Nova, Mia Couto, Fernando Pessoa and Agualusa.

 

8. Russian: 153 million native speakers

With approximately 153 million native speakers, Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world. Famous for its inscrutable grammar and rather charming Cyrillic script, it remains one of the six languages spoken at the UN and produced literary works such as Dostoevsky, Nabokov, Chekhov, Gogol, Tolstoy and Pushkin.

 

9. Japanese: 128 million native speakers

Almost all of the 128 million native speakers of Japanese live in Japan, undoubtedly the most geographically concentrated of all the languages on this list. Japanese has two distinct writing systems, hiragana and katakana, as well as extensive use of Chinese kanji characters. The largest groups of Japanese speakers living outside of Japan are found in the United States, the Philippines and Brazil.

 

10. Lahnda (West Punjabi): 118 million native speakers

With varying estimates of around 118 million native speakers, the last place on the list goes to… Lahnda, a Pakistani macrolanguage that includes mostly Western Punjabi! (Sorry, German, you were dropped from the world’s top languages a few years ago). That doesn’t even include Eastern Punjabi, which is spoken in India. Punjab was cut in two by the British when they left, and millions of people were forced to abandon their homes, businesses and families. But they are slowly getting their revenge, Bollywood-style: Punjabi songs now account for 50 percent of the charts. That’s a comeback if we’ve ever seen one.

 

With data merchants and advertisers following your every move, it’s more important than ever to protect your privacy when you’re surfing the web. But between a VPN, a proxy, or Tor, which solution will do the job better? They can all help you maintain your privacy online, but what makes them different?

 

What is a proxy?

A proxy server is an intermediary between the browser and the Internet. The browser connects to the proxy, which connects the browser to the Internet. When it comes to all the websites and Internet services you use, the proxy is your online identity. Your real IP address is hidden behind the proxy. You can set up a proxy on your device or you can connect to one of the many proxies available online. If your device is mobile you can use a 4G proxy. The 4G mobile proxy has the same use as the proxies you install on your laptop or desktop computer.

 

By hiding your IP address, a proxy can help anonymize you on the Internet; however, some proxies communicate your IP address to the destination site. You can also use a proxy to appear connected from a different location than your real-world location; perhaps because you want to access geographically blocked content.

 

What most proxies cannot do is encrypt Internet traffic. If you use an unsecured Wi-Fi network, for example, anyone connecting to the same network can snoop around your online activity. Proxies also work on an application-by-application basis, and you can’t simply configure one to cover the entire device. Lack of encryption is one of the main differences between a proxy, a VPN, and Tor.

 

Speaking of VPNs…

 

What is a VPN?

Like a proxy, a VPN is a remote server that connects the user to the Internet. VPN stands for “virtual private network”, and its privacy aspect is the one that has a great weight in the debate between VPN or proxy.

 

When you connect to a VPN, it encrypts all Internet traffic between your device and the VPN server. A VPN covers 100% of Internet traffic, which includes not only the browser, but also games, social applications, etc.; if something connects to the Internet, it will pass through the VPN. Proxies do not usually provide such a complete level of protection, even if one is configured on your device.

 

VPNs cover much the same ground as proxies, but with the addition of encryption of all traffic (although some proxies offer HTTPS encryption). A VPN can hide the user’s IP address from the web services they use and allows them to change their location in the real world. A VPN can be set up in Windows and MacOS as easily as it can be added to your Android or iOS device.

 

VPN is an ideal solution for protecting your online privacy, and is available for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. Get military-grade encryption and protection against hackers and anyone trying to spy on you.

 

What is Tor?

Tor is a free open source tool run by The Tor Project that anonymizes Internet traffic under numerous layers of encryption. When you use Tor, it sends your traffic through a series of three relay points called “nodes,” to obscure its point of origin before delivering it to the website you’re trying to visit. Tor relies on volunteers who maintain its network of relays, which covers thousands of nodes, and most people access its network through the Tor browser.

 

Each node removes an encryption layer to reveal the next relay point for its traffic. When all the layers have been decrypted, the final relay sends your traffic to your destination website. It’s the nature of Tor’s multilayer encryption method that gives Tor its name: “Tor” comes from “The Onion Router. Of course, the actual process is somewhat more complicated than peeling an onion, but it’s a good way to get an idea of how Tor works.

 

When it comes to comparing a VPN with Tor, it’s the layered encryption method and the traffic replay system that sets Tor apart. But if you use Tor to browse the Internet, it won’t cover everything you’re doing with other applications (which a VPN does).

 

Proxy, VPN, or Tor: which solution is best?

You have three options for online privacy, but between a proxy, a VPN, and Tor, which one is best for your needs? Is Tor better than a VPN? Is a VPN faster than a proxy? Is a proxy easier to use than Tor?

 

We’ve evaluated the differences between proxies, VPNs, and Tor based on seven different criteria. 

 

Speed

Icon_01In the era of streaming and high-definition video content, speed is essential. Since both proxies, VPNs and Tor add additional steps between the user and the web, all three solutions could cause a decrease in Internet speed, albeit to varying degrees.

 

Proxies are suitable for simple tasks, but be careful not to reveal confidential personal information while using them; especially free ones. This includes logging in to your email and shopping online. A free proxy may not be your best option if your priority is speed, although you should be able to use streaming on many paid proxies. But like any intermediary, they are also prone to disconnections.

 

Many VPNs are fast enough for video transmission, although there is no guarantee. If you can, try to select a VPN server located near you, as connecting to distant servers can affect your speed. Some VPNs automatically connect you to servers with less traffic to improve your speed, even if they are not the closest ones. If your VPN includes an automatic connection feature like this, use it.

 

Because Tor bounces its traffic through its relays before delivering it, it’s usually the slowest of the three options. This is the price you pay for the way Tor hides its source through its repeater network.

 

Winner: VPN

 

Privacy

Anonymous proxies hide their IP address, but transparent proxies do not, and both reveal themselves as proxies to the destination server. While some anonymous proxies only obscure your IP address, others go further.

 

HMA’s free Web Proxy applies HTTPS encryption to any site you visit, and will also encrypt URLs visited locally on your computer. This way, anyone who tries to look at your browser history will only see strange symbols.

 

While you are connected to a VPN, web sites and services will only see the IP address that the VPN server has assigned to you. But cookies and other trackers on your device will still be visible with a VPN. Unless you block them by other means, it will allow online retailers to create a unique digital profile of your preferences and behavior through a process known as “fingerprinting.

 

Although some services can detect VPN traffic, they are not able to look inside. There is only one party that can access your identity when you use a VPN: the VPN provider. For this reason, many VPN providers boast that they do not keep records of their users’ activity. If you purchase a VPN plan, be sure to choose a provider that will preserve your privacy.

 

Privacy is Tor’s priority: its replay encryption is designed to obscure your IP address. Each relay node knows only the IP address of the previous and next node in the chain. Tor is the preferred choice of insiders and political dissidents and anyone who cares about their anonymity; including cybercriminals and those pursuing other illegal purposes.

 

Be careful with Tor. If you don’t set it up correctly – and many people don’t – you could end up revealing your IP address or other personally identifying information. Your ISP may know if you use Tor, which can draw unwanted attention to you. In addition, maintenance of Tor is carried out by volunteers, and the user cannot check who is managing each relay module. You might be vulnerable to governments and hacker groups that create nodes to monitor Tor activity. If you use Tor, connect through a VPN that hides your IP address.

 

Winner: Tor (over a VPN)

 

Security

When it comes to the integrity of your connection, proxies don’t even compete. The two most common proxy server protocols – HTTP and SOCKS – do not encrypt traffic at all.

 

HTTPS proxies provide the same degree of encryption as HTTPS websites. If you are going to use a free web proxy, make sure that it supports HTTPS and use it only for HTTPS websites.

 

VPNs encrypt your traffic from your device to your server, then pass it on to your destination website or service. If a hacker uses a “sniffer” to intercept your connection, the only thing they will get is your encrypted (and unreadable) information. This is how a VPN can protect the user on public Wi-Fi networks, for example. But in any case, you are running an additional risk if you entrust your data to third parties.

 

While Tor is directing its traffic through its relay nodes, the traffic is encrypted and safe from prying eyes. And because the relay path changes each time you use Tor, it’s not possible to predict where your traffic will go. There is one obvious vulnerability in Tor security: the exit node. If the website you want to visit does not use HTTPS security, someone can intercept your traffic as it leaves the Tor network; even HTTPS is not secure at all.

 

Winner: VPN

 

Mobile Compatibility

As mentioned above, proxies work by application. On mobiles, some applications may completely ignore their proxy.

 

Most major VPNs are available for all standard operating systems: both Windows and MacOS as well as Android and iOS. The VPN application should only require some minor manual adjustments to your device, if any. As soon as you activate it, your Internet connection is protected.

 

Tor’s only mobile solution is an Android app; iOS users can only access Tor through middleware applications. If you’re using the Tor browser, anything you do with other applications won’t be safe, unless you set them up to access the Tor network.

 

Winner: VPN and 4G mobile proxy

 

Simplicity

If you just want to surf the web a little bit, proxies are a quick and easy solution. Never use a web proxy to perform any activity that could disclose private personal information, such as your login credentials or credit card numbers.

 

When security is more important, a VPN is not much more complicated than a proxy. You have to go through the process of creating an account and downloading one, but once you’ve installed a VPN, you should be able to activate it with a single click or tap.

 

Installing and using the Tor browser is as simple as any other browser. Download it, install it, and follow the setup process, then enter the URL you want to visit. Your anonymity may be jeopardized if you change some of Tor’s default settings, such as whether or not to save your browser’s history.

 

Winner: Proxy

 

Streaming

Proxies and VPNs can support streaming content if the user is connected to a fast and stable server. If you want to access content from your country when you are abroad, all three options can allow you access, although with different degrees of usefulness.

 

Typically, a VPN provides the fastest and most stable speed, making it the best choice for streaming. However, some content providers block connections to major VPNs as a measure against those trying to avoid content restrictions.

 

Winner: VPN

 

Legality

Many countries have banned, restricted, or censored the use of VPNs and Tor, and you may have problems using these services there. In other countries, Internet privacy tools may not be explicitly illegal, but because of Internet censorship laws, you may be crossing a red line if you view or post certain types of content.

 

Even if Tor is allowed, it may arouse government suspicion because of its association with political dissidents, activists, informants, and the dark Internet.

 

Some countries have also banned proxies, but generally this is the least restrictive of the three options. Always investigate the laws of the country where you are before using Internet security tools.

 

Winner: Proxy

 

The right choice for you

As you can see, among proxies, VPNs, and Tor, there is no objectively better option for all situations. Think about why you want to use one of these tools. Each of these options offers optimal uses and situations where they are not as useful.

 

When to use a proxy

You want to avoid content restrictions from time to time.

 

You do not have to perform activities involving the disclosure of your private personal information.

 

You want basic IP protection with an anonymous proxy, but do not need to encrypt your data.

 

When to use a VPN

You want to encrypt all incoming and outgoing traffic to your device.

 

You want to hide your IP address and real-world location from anyone but your VPN provider.

 

You want to avoid content restrictions on a regular basis (which, depending on who is restricting you, may be illegal).

 

You want to log into a personal account from a public Wi-Fi network.

 

When to use Tor

You want to protect your anonymity above all else and avoid tracking (and you plan to access only HTTPS websites).

 

You want to post confidential material as a confidant, political dissident, or other activist.

 

You have the expertise to set up your Tor network device, or you want to use the Tor browser to protect your online activity.

 

Can you use VPN, proxies, and Tor together?

You can combine a VPN with Tor or a web proxy. If you connect to a VPN and route your traffic to a web proxy, you should be able to use both services simultaneously. If you have both a device proxy and a VPN on your device, you can only choose one of the two options.

 

When you pair a VPN with Tor, you can also decide how: you can use Tor to access your VPN, or use a VPN to access Tor. The former allows you to access websites that often block traffic from Tor nodes, while the latter hides it from your ISP that is using Tor.

 

Tor over VPN: You can connect to your VPN and then access the Internet through Tor. This method is often used by those who have blocked access to the Tor network.

 

VPN over Tor: You connect to a VPN after your traffic leaves the Tor exit node. This prevents the websites you use from identifying you as a Tor user.

 

Saving money is not easy, but you know it is a must. You have already taken the most important step to save money month by month, and that is to look for information on how to do it.

There are no magic tricks to get you to save, and discipline is important, yet saving is possible if you put your mind to it.

With these tips strictly applied, you will be able to increase your saving capacity and be prepared for all kinds of unforeseen events. You will see how small savings that seem insignificant can change your life.

Having a plan to save money is fundamental, but that is not the only important thing to see your bank account grow and improve your home economy.

5 tips to save money that you shouldn’t miss

CONTROL YOUR EXPENSES

Earning money costs a lot, but when you have it in your account the money flies, doesn’t it?

 

The first step to start saving is to control your expenses in detail. If you don’t know exactly how much you spend and on what, it’s impossible to optimize your savings. That’s why you need to spend at least 2 or 3 months writing down absolutely all your expenses in an excel spreadsheet. The apps for the more technological ones and the paper and pen for the analog ones are also valid, the important thing is to write down EVERYTHING, even tips or if you buy a pack of gum.

 

Once you have all your expenses for a month, you can group them in categories to have an overview and order them by priority.

 

The best way to save is to eliminate unnecessary expenses, those that do not bring you much. Fixed expenses, food and necessities are things that are difficult to save on, since, in spite of being able to eat cheaper or not go to the gym, it is important to live well and enjoy the day to day.

 

The category that makes the difference between saving and not saving and therefore the first one to control is whims.

 

Things like traveling or eating out are things you can perhaps afford without problems, but which prevent you from saving. You can also see how some fixed expenses can be reduced in some way, by better projecting weekly or monthly purchases, establishing a good closet fund so that you do not have to buy clothes continuously or investing in the home to save energy.

 

ESTABLISH YOUR SAVINGS PRIORITIES

It’s all about priorities. EVERYTHING.

 

For someone going out to dinner once a week may be a must, and for others it may be silly, but going to a gym is a must.

 

All postures are equally respectable, what is not possible is that everything is a priority. If all expenses are considered a priority it will be impossible to save and get out of the rat race for many years to come, so we all have to have expenses in the whims section and be willing to cut them down if necessary.

 

If you were to lose your job right now and have to live on less money per month, you could surely cut back here and there and get it, so you can also do it without losing your job.

 

Start little by little, eliminate some of the expenses of those who do not contribute anything and you will see how at the end of the month you have an extra saved and you have not missed that expense at all.

 

Personally, I used to ask for take-out food several times a week, which ended up meaning quite a lot of money at the end of the month. Nowadays I control myself (it costs me, like everyone else) and I ask for a maximum of once a week, saving a good amount of money at the end of the month.

 

This control applied to different expenses can be the difference between spending more than you earn month to month or saving hundreds of euros. It is not a question of eliminating all the small pleasures, but to moderate with the expenses and not to live like a rich person without being it.

 

 

DON’T BUY ON CREDIT. PLAN YOUR SAVINGS

Living on loans and getting into more and more debt is very common, but you should avoid it at all costs.

 

Twenty years ago people took out a loan to buy a house, which they used to pay back in about 10 years, which is quite reasonable.

 

In order to buy televisions, computers or to go on vacation, what you did was to save until you had the money to do so, something that is not done many times nowadays. In the past, people who didn’t have money to go on vacation would not go, saving that expense and perhaps being able to go the following year.

 

Now someone who can’t go on vacation has no problem asking for a loan to get it, which not only means spending money that you don’t have, but also entails huge expenses in interest. Things bought on credit cost a lot more money.

 

A very good way to save more money is to draw up a household budget, a budget that takes into account all your expenses and how much money you can devote to each category.

 

My advice is not to draw up the budget now, as it will be too theoretical. If you don’t know how much you spend on average, you will not be able to make a realistic estimate of how much you would like to spend. First, control your expenses, and once you know that, get on with the budgeting later.

 

Making a household budget is not difficult, you just have to decide how much money you want to spend per month or per year on each thing.

 

PAY YOURSELF FIRST – TREAT SAVINGS AS AN EXPENSE

I think this is one of the best money saving tips anyone can give you. Treat savings as an expense, like a bill that you are charged on the first of the month. Money flies, and if you charge 1,500 euros at the end of the month you have 0 left, but surely if you charged 1,300 euros the same thing would happen and you would live just as well.

 

That’s the key, in paying you first, in saving before spending. You’ll live just as well, and you’ll also save money, so your personal finances will be much better. Decide how much money you want to save, and from now on make that money automatically disappear at the beginning of the month from your account, as if you had spent it.

 

Without realizing it, months will go by and your savings will grow, without seeing your quality of life diminish. You can put that money in a savings account or in a savings plan, but I think the best option is to invest those savings.

 

SMALL SAVINGS MEAN THOUSANDS OF EUROS

Many people despise small expenses and still wonder how to save if I earn little. That, no doubt, is the fault. We would all like to save a lot of money, but we have to start little by little. Take care of small expenses: A small hole sinks a boat. – Benjamin Franklin

 

Here are two examples that will show you the importance of small savings, since in the long term these involve thousands of euros.

 

SAVING ON COFFEE

 Do you drink coffee?

Imagine someone who drinks two coffees a day, without exception. You have several options to do so:

Imagine 3 different scenarios.

 

SCENARIO 1. LET’S GO TO THE BAR

We all like to have our coffee at the bar.

 

There’s nothing to prepare or clean and it’s a great time to unwind, but how much does it really cost?

 

Let’s imagine that a coffee costs us 1.2 euros. By drinking 2 coffees a day, we’ll spend 2.4 euros a day, 72 euros a month, 864 euros a year (YES, 864 euros a year for coffee!)

 

If you are a mileurist like many, drinking coffee at the bar means spending a month’s salary every year on coffee.

 

Seen like this, it seems crazy to drink two coffees a day at the bar.

 

SCENARIO 2. CAPSULES, MODERN STYLE

Since the bar seems expensive to us, we have switched to the capsules that are worn now because they are much more “chic” than using a traditional coffee maker and we have to be fashionable.

 

How much does it cost us to drink coffee with the Nespresso or similar? Each Nespresso capsule costs about 0.4 euros. We will spend 0.8 euros per day, 24 euros per month, 288 euros per year.

 

The bill is very low compared to the first scenario, but 288 euros per year on coffee is still a lot of money.

SCENARIO 3. LIFETIME COFFEE MAKER

Seeing the expense in the other scenarios we decided to try the traditional coffee maker to save a little. How much will we spend?

 

Assuming that a cup contains about 8 grams of coffee and that 1 kg costs 10 euros, we can make about 125 cups for 10 euros, resulting in 0.08 euros per cup.

 

We will therefore spend 0.16 euros per day, 4.8 euros per month and 57.6 euros per year.

 

Although it may seem a small saving, the first case represents 864 euros per year in coffee, the second 288 euros and the third 57.6 euros.

 

The difference is 800 euros between the first case and the third, a figure that in some cases can mean a whole month’s salary.

 

If we think about the long term, in 10 years someone who stops going to the bar to start drinking coffee at home can save more than 8,000 Euros, a real barbarity for something as insignificant as coffee.

 

Examples like this show the potential of small expenses and make it clear that it is absolutely worth saving even if it is an extra 1 euro a day.

 

Even micro expenses that look like misery, in the long run will be a lot of money.

SAVE ON INTERNET AND PHONE

Internet and telephone are a luxury that we all have nowadays, although not all of us pay the same for it.

 

How much do you pay per month for your internet and phone? People who don’t make ends meet but who have internet and phone plans with television and everything the company offers is unfortunately much more common than it seems.

 

Let’s see with a few quick numbers the difference between having a complete plan with one of the typical companies or a basic plan with one of the cheap companies we have at our disposal today.

 

The complete pack (fiber optics, television and some mobile) costs about 100 euros per month, assuming 1200 euros per year, while the basic pack of a cheap company costs, including internet and mobile, about 30 euros, representing 360 euros at the end of the year.

 

There will be people who will say that it is not the same internet, that TV channels are essential, etc., but in the end they are all excuses.

 

And look, the difference is similar to the case of coffee.

 

The difference at the end of the year between having a cheap company or an expensive one is 840 euros, which means 8400 euros after 10 years. Save on the little things, and you will see your current account rise like the foam.

TRICKS TO SAVE MONEY DAY BY DAY

MONEY DOESN’T EXIST, YOU PAY FOR EVERYTHING IN TIME

You will discover that money really doesn’t exist, and that everything you buy is with your time. This concept, although it may sound strange, will make it much easier for you to save day by day.

 

SAVE MONEY ON ELECTRICITY

When someone wonders how to save at home, saving on electricity is usually one of their first searches. Reducing electricity consumption, as well as water consumption, can allow you to save a lot of money month by month.

But it’s no use saving on electricity and not applying everything else, because the key is 

SAVE MONEY ON GASOLINE

Saving on gas is easy if you’re careful and we try and you may already have control over where you put your gas. Spending on gas is practically inevitable since almost everyone needs the car to move from one place to another, but depending on where you put the price varies substantially.

 

Apart from looking at the price when we drive, there are websites that allow us to compare the price of gas in all gas stations in the area, making it very easy to save money that way.

 

We can also consider using public transport more often and even go on foot or by bicycle to some places… And we save that in the gym.

SAVE ON HEALTH CARE

Because even though free health care exists in your country, it probably doesn’t cover all options. And even if you have good health insurance, you may have to consider how to save on health care.

Unfortunately, skimping on health is not good, but skimping is not the same as saving. Have you ever considered health tourism? It consists of going to a country where the treatment you need is provided by highly specialized doctors but at much more reasonable prices than those you can find in your own country, and with all the guarantees.

For example, it is quite common for residents in the U.S. and Canada to travel to Mexico to be visited by Los Algodones dentist. Los Algodones Dental has become a reference place for dental tourism, due to the high competence of its professionals at much more affordable prices than its northern neighboring countries.

Finding specialized clinics in developing countries, where you can also take advantage of tourism, is a good way to save money. Similarly, and without having to leave your country, possibly any private doctor in a town will charge less for his consultation than a doctor of the same specialty in the city. You only have to look.

And never, ever wait for your health to get worse. Visit the specialist as soon as you notice the discomfort, or the treatment will be even more complicated, and therefore, more expensive.

SAVE BY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF OFFERS

You probably buy online, don’t you?

 

And it’s great, because there are many ways to save money by taking advantage of offers and discounts. But watch out for this, because it’s a double-edged sword. Buy only what you really need, don’t buy just because it’s on sale. Be proactive and get ahead of the birthday, Christmas, anniversary gifts… That’s why it’s good to take advantage of offers, but control your spending and always keep in mind that the objective is to save, not to end up spending more than you want.

 

The term “medical tourism” refers to when patients travel abroad for the purpose of obtaining health care that does not is an emergency. Dental tourism” is a sub-group of “tourism medical” that is becoming more popular as an alternative for patient care. In discussions on the subject, the The American Dental Association Steering Committee has stated that

dental tourism is a symptom of reduced access to care of the highest cost of healthcare in dental plans sponsored by the employer to the patient, and from the “flattening of the world in terms of the rise of a truly and the ease of travel abroad. A key concern is the consistency of the quality of care provided to other countries.

Background

In a report on the globalization of healthcare presented by the American Dental Association, it was noted that the patients have sought medical care outside their countries origin for many years, so in this sense, “tourism Medical” is not new. The report states: “As the quality of health care improved in many parts of the world, which is good, some patients in the United States now travel abroad to obtain quality “expensive” medical care acceptable at a lower cost. This medical tourism in which the Americans seek “first-world health care at a price of the third world” involves a small number of people now, but it has the potential to grow. Increasingly, agencies are offering packages known as “vacations that combine elective care with vacation travel in another country.

Reva Health Network is an online resource and search engine that promotes medical tourism. Reva estimates that each year, more than 2.5 million people worldwide search the Internet information about dental treatments abroad. Reva receives approximately 600 information requests per week only about dental tourism. The data collected by Reva shows that patients who choose to receive care outside their countries of origin seek to have the following procedures done: implants (27%), dental veneers (20%), crowns (16%), whitening

dental (11%), bridges (9%), braces (6%) and other treatments (11%).

The favorite destinations for dental tourists are: Hungary (31%), Mexico (18%), Poland (17%), Thailand (9%), Turkey (7%), Spain (5%) and other countries (13%).

Why Mexico?

For dental patients from the United States, Mexico is an especially appealing destination when it comes to dental health. It is their closest country, especially for those who live in the southern states. From there it is easy to get there. Finding a Tijuana dentist is for many U.S. citizens more convenient than doing it in their own country.

Crossing the border to access Tijuana dental solutions, not only can be much cheaper, but it can also turn a visit to the dentist into a real tourist and pleasure trip.

 

Questions patients should consider

Patients who are thinking of traveling abroad to receive dental care should consider the following when taking your decision:

Are you in good oral health and your teeth are in good status?

While planning your trip abroad for an implant or restoration of a crown, before traveling, you must resolve any dental problem, cavity, broken filling or complete any dental treatment in progress. A dentist abroad can be willing to treat conditions in addition to the problem for which the patient seeks care, but the additional care that your plan The dental care may be covered in the United States as routine care, may not be covered if performed abroad or will not be covered as extensively as if it were received in your country.

How does your plan cover care received “outside the provider network”?

A dental plan may pay for a portion of the care given by a dentist abroad or may not cover it. For a dental plan that allows enrollees to obtain care of “out-of-network” providers, does it include coverage of treatments performed outside the United States? Also, some

important, does your dental plan cover repairs if something goes wrong or if it is necessary to repeat a procedure carried out outside the State United?

What are the risks of trying to get a procedure abroad?

The attraction of dental tourism is the ability to receive treatment which can be expensive in the United States at a much higher cost than in another country. Therefore, most people who seek dental care abroad also seek care.

What are the risks related to the use of the with such complex care? and are you prepared to respond to those risks if they were to occur in another country? What are your rights when receiving care in the foreigner? What resources will you have regarding the appeal option, the possibility of receiving corrective care or to present any legal claim if the treatment you receive is not acceptable or if there is Is there a process to prevent complications after treatment? express complaints or a method of obtaining a refund if you are not satisfied with your treatment? Although a dental plan may cover a portion of the care received abroad, can your plan intercede on your behalf with the dentist abroad if the care What are your rights in this regard? 

 

What questions should I ask the overseas dentist before accepting treatment?

There are some questions that the California Dental Association advises to do before going to a dentist abroad. If you can get a good response from them, go ahead and take advantage of dental tourism to save money: 

– Will complications be treated at no cost to me?

– Is there any guarantee of the procedure performed during a (e.g. Is a crown or a crowning device guaranteed? bridge for up to 5 years?)

– What professional accreditation does the dentist have? of any professional organization?

– How will follow-up appointments be made (some dentists foreigners have offices or associations with dentists international)

– Do you have malpractice insurance?

– Can you give some references?

– How many years have you practiced?

– What type of anesthesia will you use?

– How long after treatment will you be able to travel back

to your country?

 

In recent times the internet has been filled with courses called MBAs. It is possible that some of them have caught your attention and that you have been able to see how some Business Schools in Spain and other countries in the world offer them, either online or in person. But perhaps you are not very clear about what an MBA is. Let us clear up your doubts.

What is an MBA?

The Masters of Business Administration (MBA) are postgraduate programs specialized in business management and administration and economic and administrative issues. MBAs can be studied in almost any country in the world, and are part of the educational offer of the Business Schools.

There are many types of MBAs but they all share a common set of subjects. These are those related to accounting, organization, business strategies, statistical methods, economics, finance and marketing.

MBAs must consist of a minimum of 30 credits (each credit involves 10 teaching hours, theoretical or practical), but usually have 50 to 100 credits, representing a duration of 500 to 1000 hours. They can be taught full-time or part-time. There are also Executive MBAs, which are programs that require previous management experience. Recently, online MBAs have proliferated, among others.

Objectives of the MBA

The objective of an MBA is to provide students with the necessary tools that will allow them to carry out good business management. It is about learning from practical examples and specific teaching methodologies, with which the student will get to know and prepare for the functions of this type of position. In this way they will be able to see the best way to assume their responsibilities.

There are a number of fundamental skills that an MBA must help develop, such as leadership and management skills, team motivation, verbal and written communication, specific technical knowledge and a global vision of management that will vary depending on the type of MBA you choose.

Who is an MBA for?

An MBA is aimed at university graduates and working professionals. A university degree (bachelor’s degree or equivalent) is required to access this training. Some centers may require other requirements such as letters of recommendation or copies of transcripts.

The Executive MBA is a program that requires previous management experience, aimed at people who already hold positions of responsibility but wish to improve their management skills.

MBA Admission Process

Most business schools have a strict admission process that can take months or even years if you also want to apply for a scholarship or have to pass the GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test).

In order to study one of the best MBAs in the world, it is not only necessary for the student to have a good basic education and predisposition, but also to prepare correctly for all the selection processes that they will have to face.

Characteristics of the admission process: 

Before starting the selection process, the future student must be informed of the requirements and deadlines for submitting the documentation. It is also necessary to take advice on whether letters of recommendation, certificates, etc. are required.

Some of the most important business schools in the world require that students pass the GMAT as one of the admission criteria for their masters programs. The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is an exam that is taken in English and measures the analytical, verbal, and mathematical ability of candidates. The GMAT is an international test and can be taken in any country in the world. Many international business schools include it among their entrance requirements. Others admit this exam as a supplement to their own selection tests.

Having a good command of English is essential for an MBA, which is why some centers require the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). This test is used to evaluate a non-native’s knowledge of English. The test can be taken in language schools and on the Internet.

If you want to study in Spain, it is important to know that some Spanish centers require the ADEN (Business Schools Admission Test). This is a test in Spanish, oriented to Spanish-speaking students, which consists of 4 sections: verbal and numerical reasoning, personality, competencies and professional style, and language level.

Finally, an interview must be conducted. In this interview, the information in the application is contrasted with the details of the applicant’s professional career, while at the same time it is analyzed whether the applicant fulfills the appropriate profile for that particular MBA. Some of the questions that can be asked are: What are your short and long term goals? What other schools have you applied to, etc.

Career opportunities in an MBA

The professional future of graduates is increasingly important for business schools. Centers are paying more and more attention to their job placement results, so many centers are adding expert employment counseling staff to evaluate candidates at the time of admission and set expectations for future students.

Despite the economic situation and the difficulties in finding employment in all sectors, specialists in human resources continue to see MBAs as the best guarantee of access to the job market, since some of the most prestigious schools presume to place 92% of their students in less than three months.

Chess is a game of strategy that is played every day all over the world. If you have never played it you might think that it is too difficult and complicated for you. However, understanding the basic rules of the game is not so difficult, and in a short time you can enjoy playing it. Besides, you will always find people at your same level to play, and in case you decide to really improve, you can try to find a chess grandmaster who wants to be your chess trainer, nowadays it is possible to find both opponents to play with and a chess coach over the internet. So you have no excuse not to start playing and thus be able to take advantage of the benefits of playing chess. Here you can read only 10 of them, but we assure you that there are many more.

10 benefits of learning and playing chess

1. Chess can bring people closer together.

Chess is one of the oldest games in history, with more than 1500 years. Chess spread all over the world and changed, until it became the game we know today. This journey brought together people from different cultures, ages and professions, uniting them in a passion for the game.

2. Chess teaches how to win and lose.

Everybody loves to win, of course, but learning to accept failure is equally important. As they say, sometimes you teach a lesson and other times you are taught a lesson! The most important thing is to learn from these lessons and become a stronger and more resilient player. As in life, we need support as we face setbacks and become stronger and wiser. The ability to win is an important character trait that can be acquired through chess. The ability to accept mistakes and learn from them, too.

3. Chess helps children to understand the consequences of their actions. 

In the last decade, chess in schools has had a great boom all over the world. It is not so important that children become good chess players or get high marks, because what is important is that chess teaches children from an early age that their choices can have both good and bad consequences. By reflecting on their moves and trying to find the most appropriate one, they improve. They realize that playing too fast and making hasty decisions can get you into trouble.

4. Chess helps you to concentrate.

As Bobby Fischer said: “Chess requires total concentration”. A chess player can make 30 moves at grandmaster level, and then be distracted by the 31st move and allow an elementary mistake that will make him lose the game. Learning to concentrate is useful in life when faced with school tasks, daily responsibilities and deadlines at work.

5. Chess is a great learning tool for schools.

Chess lessons before, during and after school are very popular and for a good reason. Chess is a low-cost activity for children that can be done at school. Children from different ages and backgrounds and with different needs can play together in a chess class or club.

6. Chess helps to develop creativity.

It is said that a person?s personality manifests itself in his chess game. A modest and passive person can play more restrained, while a sociable and adventurous person can attack with more daring. A wonderful property of chess is that it gives everyone the opportunity to express their personality and characteristics. Your creativity will find an outlet in the moves of the chess pieces, plans and combinations on the board in the way you want.

7. Chess generates confidence.

Your chess game is your reflection. You spend time studying, participating in tournaments, analysing losses and looking for your weaknesses. All this work generates a sense of confidence and self-knowledge. Working in chess, even in difficult moments when your level does not improve, helps you to develop self-confidence.

8. Chess teaches you to solve problems.

In every game of chess you are faced with challenges and problems, which you must solve in order to win. Chess can help you to plan for the future. It teaches you to take time to make decisions and weigh up the pros and cons. We make the same decisions in our daily lives. As in chess, we try to make the best decisions to improve our quality of life.

9. Chess trains both hemispheres of the brain.

When you play chess, your brain tries to solve logical problems, recognize patterns, make decisions visually and analytically and test your memory. Chess can be enjoyed at any age. As a result, brain training can improve your health for life – an active brain is a healthy brain!

10. Chess helps you to stay calm under pressure.

 You sacrifice pieces and pawns, you run out of time, but you need to make critical decisions to win… Such a tense game of chess teaches you to stay calm under pressure. You need to be concentrated and calm to keep your brain working at its best. We have all faced critical deadlines, presentations, interviews and tests throughout our lives. As in chess, we must maintain confidence and do our best.

 

Email is one of the most widely used communication channels today and has become an essential tool for many organizations and companies when communicating either information, promotions, releases, newsletters or bulletins.

Through email we manage to contact our recipients, build brand loyalty, publicize a new product, report on an event, … in short, email has become a highly effective system of communication.

Using email to communicate allows us to decide when and how we want to transmit information and provides us with statistical data of great added value, helping us to make decisions for the future.

The 10 advantages of communication by email

1) Economical

One of the keys to communicating by email through an effective and fast system is the low cost involved. Any communication that we want to do via paper or other more traditional means is a much greater investment and is always relatively effective and very complicated to measure.

In addition, there are many free email servers where you can get an account in a very easy and fast way: Gmail, Hotmail, Ymail… In a few clicks you will have your free account available to be used.

2) Agile

Having a communication channel through emailing applications allows us to perform any action in minutes and with an amazingly fast and effective arrival. In this way we can anticipate any event, circumstance or need for effective communication. Just three steps: Ymail login, write, send. 

3) Versatile

Communication by email allows the information sent to be relatively extensive, attached or can be expanded by the recipients without any difficulty. At the same time, we can play with the structure of the contents to better focus our objective when communicating.

4) Measurable

Any communication made from an emailing application has the ability to provide control and monitoring of the results of the shipments. Knowing when, how and who has read these emails allows us to measure the result of communications in real time.

5) Customizable

It is very important to emphasize the high personalization that we can achieve with the use of emailing applications, since they allow to filter and segment the data to reach exclusively a target audience. The personalization allows not only to send communications based on criteria such as provinces, dates of birth, sex, age, … but it is possible to segment according to statistical results of previous shipments.

6) Effective

The use of emailing systems saves us a lot of time and effort as it automates complex and cumbersome tasks such as managing cancellations, non-existent emails, duplicate emails, spam complaints, … in turn this allows us to have a contact list always well optimized.

7) Analyzable

Sending communications by email allows the recipient to receive the message in real time providing immediate, visible and measurable statistical information not only at the level of emails sent but it is possible to analyze the impact on our destination websites by integrating email sending with statistical analysis systems such as Google Analytics.

8) Shareable

The email allows to increase the dissemination of communications both enabling forwarding of the same as well as allowing the spread of content through social networks by sharing massively any email sent thanks to emailing systems integrated with social networks.

9) Friendly

The email as a communication channel is not an intrusive means since it is possible to integrate systems of unsubscription of lists in an automated way allowing any recipient not to receive emails again if they do not want to, this way the email becomes a channel that allows the recipients to choose.

10) Interactive

Unlike static communication channels such as print advertising, letter, internet advertising, … email offers an interactive channel with the recipient. Through relatively simple communications we can provoke in the recipients some curiosity about the contents and provoke interactive actions that help to know better the uses and tastes of the contacts.

Communicating by email is a great advantage

Definitely using email communication channels, through online email marketing applications, make a big difference compared to other traditional media.

Knowing in an automated way what effects an email marketing campaign has when sending emails, delivery statistics, clicks, interest, … provides information that helps us make decisions and know our audience better.

The simplicity, economy and ease of use of this type of email marketing tools make the big difference against other more expensive and less effective communication alternatives.

 

Why is almost every robust healthy boy with a robust healthy soul in him, at some time or other crazy to go to sea? Why upon your first voyage as a passenger, did you yourself feel such a mystical vibration, when first told that you and your ship were now out of sight of land? Why did the old Persians hold the sea holy?”

― Herman Melville, Moby Dick; or, the White Whale

Navigation started as a way to explore the world. Although today’s sailors continue to support the brave spirit of navigators and explorers of centuries past, shipping is no longer a key means of transportation, international trade, or war. People have long ago sailed the sails of adventure and sailing lovers see it as a form of leisure or sport, although not always without risks. The sea must be respected as in the past, although it must be recognized that today’s boats are much better equipped and more resistant to inclement weather. In addition, in a good nautical store you can get a whole series of elements that facilitate any navigation in a way that the explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries already wanted for themselves.

Many modern sailors sail because they like the sea. Sailing is considered the 17th fastest growing sport in the United States, and it is estimated that more than 4 million Americans are recreational boaters, according to The Boating Channel. In Europe, 18 million citizens practice water sports. And the statistics point to sustained growth over time. It is normal, we have all dreamed of lifting anchors and setting sail for other ports.

And if you are inspired by famous surfers like Amerigo Vespucci or Vasco De Gama, or simply love the feeling of the wind in your hair, sailing is a sport to satiate your wildest and most adventurous side. Hoist the sails!

Next, we’ll learn about some of the most popular sailing styles, and also discover some fun ways to find (and show off) your seafaring gear.

Types of Recreational Navigation

There are some common recreational boating styles that can satisfy you if you are looking for fun and adventure on the high seas. We also have some unusual ideas if you are looking for something a little different.

If you are a beginner sailor, you can start with small sailboats, such as boats, daysailers and small kilobots. They are generally less than 25 feet long and easy to maneuver. They can be sailed individually or with a crew member.

Many sailors start with small sailboats, and even when they become professionals, they continue their adventure in this way. Boats are fun and easy, college and olympic racing teams use them, and they’re great for weekend sailors.

However, some adventurers take their sailing hobbies to a whole new level and go on a cruise. Cruising is not just a hobby; It is a lifestyle. They are those who want to spend their lives sailing around the world. Sailors who choose to live on their ships for long periods of time. Their boats range from simple keleboys to large multi-hull yachts. Many cruise ships have plenty of home comforts below deck and can include beds, toilets, kitchen utensils, and even entertainment systems, depending on their size. It is important to keep in mind that the maintenance of these boats must be kept up-to-date, not in all the ports where you will be moored you will find everything you need. In those cases, it is always good to have a good boat accessories online shop on hand for trust.

Boats can be chartered for those who want the thrill or relaxation of sailing without the work involved, and yachts can be chartered with crews. Sunset cruises and sailing vacations in the Caribbean are two common forms of family charter sailing adventures. Sunset cruises are a leisurely cruise experience and are generally chartered by small groups of friends or couples.

Several resorts sell sailing day trips as well as multi-day cruise packages on an island for boaters who want to break with normalcy. (Consider using additional sunscreen.)

But if you are looking for an alternative to the sun, sand and wave scene, sailing on ice, drifting on ice, surfing on ice or sailing in hard water makes sailing a winter sport. This type of sailing began in the Netherlands in the 19th century as a means of crossing frozen lakes in winter, and has grown in popularity as a recreational sport since sailboats on ice were introduced in the 1930s.

Basic Navigation Skills And Conditions.

The basics of navigation are easy to learn in a couple of lessons, but their improvement can take a lifetime. There are five basic skills and methods for learning about navigation: ambient navigation, boat balance, front and stern trim, center position and heading.

• Sail configuration: you cannot bring the sailboats directly into the wind or risk stopping (there is practically no wind in the sails). Depending on your navigation point, the direction of your boat in relation to the wind direction, different navigation settings are required. Listening to it, you can set up your main sail: relax the sail until it flaps along the loofah, the part closest to the mast, and then pull back until the flapping ends.
• Boat Balance – This is known as the heel when the boat begins to lean in one direction. It is important to stay aware of the wind (are you raking?) And the direction of the sail to get past your heels and stay on course. Consider the weight on board and how it is distributed. If the port side of your boat tilts, you can fix it by shifting your weight (or the weight of the crew) to the opposite or starboard side.
• Front and rear adjustment: The boat must also be balanced from start to finish. Generally speaking, the front of the boat (bow) is slightly higher than the rear, and the distribution of body weight on board (you and your crew) is key to maintaining balance. If your boat is dragged into the water (an example of what happens when the back of the boat is too low), move your weight closer to the center of the boat or to the front. A properly balanced boat allows you to sail faster.
• Central lateral position: There is a delicate balance between your boat and the sea, and losing it can easily push you off course. The center deck, a piece of wood, fiberglass, or metal (depending on the composition of your boat), is a moving fine under the hull. You can fix any drift by changing it relative to your level of navigation.
• The journey worked well: going from point A to point B is not always a direct route, especially if you are taken straight into the wind on a straight course. Planning a route that will get you to your destination as soon as possible is called “the perfect ride.” This is usually accomplished by turning a maneuver in which the boat zigzags in the direction of the wind.

These are just some basic notions, which are useless if they are not practiced responsibly and under the tutelage of experienced people. An old sea lion will be able to teach you much more in a day of sailing, than months and months reading theory on the internet. So if you feel the call of the sea, don’t wait any longer and go on an adventure.

 

 

Dice is a popular source of randomness in board games. It is also common to use dice for role-playing games. The dice is a small object that, when dropped onto a flat surface, displays one of several possible stable positions. A traditional dice is a cube with numbers from 1 to 6 on each of its six faces, which are thrown to display a randomly determined integer from one to six, each of which is equally possible due to the geometric shape, as long as the die is perfect. That randomness is also possible today with online dice.

VARIETY OF DICE

According to their shape: The dice can be multifaceted or irregular in shape.

According to their content: On their faces symbols can be traced instead of numbers.

These differences allow the use of dice to obtain different results from the classic 1-2-3-4-5-6 pattern. There are also dice, weighted on one side or with other invisible changes in sight, designed to manipulate the results. The purpose of such dice is to trick other players into winning cash or just for fun, for example as magic tricks. Nowadays, it is also possible to design your own custom dice, depending on your needs.

The dice are usually made in the form of a cube with the numbers 1 to 6 printed on their sides (they are generally arranged so that the sum of the numbers on the diametrically opposite sides is 7). The dice can be considered as a generator of random numbers in the integer interval [1..N] with almost the same probability of falling all the numbers in the interval. Such generators are 1dN. So for example a regular cube is 1d6; tossing coins is the operation of a 1d2 generator, etc. The abbreviation MdN represents the sum of the M applications of 1dN.

It should be noted that MdN gives integers in the interval [M..M * N]. The probability of a number falling from this interval increases as it approaches its center.

In RPGs (for example, Dungeons & Dragons) based on game rules, dice with 4, 6, 8, 12 and up to 20 heads are used. Lou Zokki invented the zokkedron, a die with 100 faces. However, to get a number from 1 to 100, they often use two 10-sided dice.

In the role-playing environment, the cube type is often denoted by the letter “d” or “k”, after which the number of sides is indicated. In addition to the usual hexagonal cubes (d6), four (d4), eight (d8), ten (d10), twelve (d12) and twenty (d20) bones are used. The designation d100, d%, or “percent cube” is also used, which are two decahedra, one of which is used to determine the number of tens and the second unit.

HISTORY OF THE DICE

The exact date of the appearance of the dice is unknown. The oldest dice are about 5,200 years old and were found in Iran along with a game to play backgammon during the excavations of the city of Shahri-Sukht. The marks on the edges of the bones practically do not differ from modern ones.

Other excavations of the ancient cemeteries of the Indian civilization indicate the origin of the dice in South Asia. The dice game is known as the Indian game in the Rig Veda, Atharva Veda and in the list of Buddha games that will not play. According to Greek tradition, Palamedes invented dice to entertain the boring Greek soldiers waiting for the Battle of Troy.

Modern dice owes its origin to an old game of skill played mainly by women and children. The gameplay consisted of throwing small bones of ungulates. The four-sided shape of the headstock became the first dice shape in history. Modern Mongols still use those tetrahedral dice for games and predictions. In addition to classic pet bones, materials such as ivory are used to make modern dice, wood, and various plastics. In historical chronicles, the dice game and the dibs game are often confused, but each of them has gone an independent path since ancient times and remains popular.

THE DICE IN GREECE AND ROME

Playing with two or three dice was a very popular form of entertainment in Greece, especially in the upper classes. They were constantly played during the holidays. The Romans were passionate players, especially during the height of the Roman Empire. Therefore, the game of craps was also generalized, although it was forbidden to play it; the ban was lifted only for the Saturnalia season.

Horacio ridiculed the typical young people of the time, who spent time playing dice instead of riding horses. Roll the dice for money brought up many special laws in Rome: One of them said that a person who allowed gambling at their home could not file a lawsuit, even if he was scammed or beaten. Back in those days, professional cheats appeared in

Among the players: To win, they intentionally made the bones they used on one side heavier. Now some of these bones are kept in museums.

Dice players were common in drink establishments: the surviving murals contain images of disputed players whom the owner takes out of the tavern.

Twenty-sided bones have been found that belong to the 2nd century BC. C. Tacitus pointed out that the Germans were passionate fans of the game of craps and, in the absence of money, could gamble for their own freedom.

In the 11th century, astragalomancy took shape in Byzantium. That is, the art of predicting the future using dice.

EVOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE AGES

In the Middle Ages, dice was one of the favorite pastimes of knights; there were game schools and player guilds. After the fall of feudalism, the Landsknechts gained a reputation as the most outrageous dice players of the time; the cubes were decorated with elaborate carvings representing people and animals. In France, both knights and ladies played dice, despite repeated laws, including the prohibitions of Saint Louis in 1254 and 1256.

Today, dice are still used in countless games, and can be found in multiple shapes and materials. Of course, the online version is increasingly popular, since it allows the perfect configuration for every occasion. Still, many people are still fetishists of these small objects, and sometimes they have become not only a game material, but rather collectors’ items.